What is hyperparathyroidism in cats? - briefly
Hyperparathyroidism in cats is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of the hormone PTH (parathyroid hormone), leading to abnormal calcium levels in the blood. This can cause various symptoms including lethargy, decreased appetite, and kidney issues.
What is hyperparathyroidism in cats? - in detail
Hyperparathyroidism in cats, also known as feline hyperparathyroidism (FHPT), is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands. These small glands are located in the neck and play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body. In cats with hyperparathyroidism, the overproduction of PTH leads to a cascade of physiological changes that can significantly impact their overall health and well-being.
The primary cause of feline hyperparathyroidism is often an adenoma or carcinoma in one or more of the parathyroid glands, which results in uncontrolled PTH secretion. This hormonal imbalance triggers several pathological processes. Firstly, the elevated levels of PTH stimulate the release of calcium from bones, leading to a condition known as osteolysis. As a result, cats with hyperparathyroidism may experience bone pain, fractures, and even lameness due to weakened skeletal structures.
Additionally, the increased PTH levels enhance the absorption of calcium in the intestines and reabsorption in the kidneys. While this process helps maintain normal calcium levels in the bloodstream, it can lead to hypercalcemia, a state where there is too much calcium in the body. Hypercalcemia further exacerbates the clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism, causing symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, loss of appetite, and potentially life-threatening kidney damage.
Clinical signs of feline hyperparathyroidism can be subtle initially but become more pronounced as the disease progresses. Owners may notice changes in their cat's behavior, including increased thirst and urination, vomiting, constipation, and muscle weakness. In advanced cases, cats may develop kidney stones or nephrocalcinosis, conditions that can seriously compromise renal function and lead to Kidney Disease" rel="bookmark">chronic kidney disease if left untreated.
Diagnosing hyperparathyroidism in cats typically involves a combination of clinical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies. Elevated levels of PTH and calcium in the blood are common findings, along with changes in other biochemical parameters indicative of kidney dysfunction. Ultrasound or radiographic imaging can help identify enlarged parathyroid glands or calcified structures within the kidneys.
Treatment options for feline hyperparathyroidism are primarily surgical, aimed at removing the affected parathyroid gland(s). Successful surgery often leads to a rapid resolution of clinical signs and normalization of calcium levels. However, preoperative stabilization with medications like bisphosphonates or calcitonin may be necessary in severe cases to mitigate the effects of hypercalcemia. Post-operative monitoring is crucial to ensure that PTH and calcium levels return to normal and to manage any potential complications.
In summary, feline hyperparathyroidism is a serious endocrine disorder characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone, leading to bone disease and hypercalcemia. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for preserving the cat's health and quality of life.