What is feline rabies? - briefly
Feline rabies is a viral infection that affects cats and other mammals, caused by the rabies virus (RABV) or related lyssaviruses. It's transmitted through bites from infected animals and can be fatal if left untreated.
What is feline rabies? - in detail
Feline rabies, also known as hydrophobia, is a severe and often fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of cats. The virus responsible for this condition is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, most commonly other cats, dogs, or wildlife such as raccoons, skunks, and bats. However, it can also be contracted if a cat comes into contact with the saliva of an infected animal, either directly or indirectly through contaminated surfaces or objects.
The rabies virus is part of the Lyssavirus genus and belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae. It is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that targets neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The incubation period for the disease can vary significantly, ranging from a few days to several months or even years, depending on factors such as the distance of the bite from the brain, the severity of the infection, and the overall health of the cat.
Symptoms of feline rabies typically progress through three stages: prodromal, furious, and paralytic. In the prodromal stage, cats may exhibit subtle behavioral changes such as increased irritability, lethargy, or loss of appetite. As the disease advances to the furious stage, more pronounced neurological symptoms become apparent, including aggression, restlessness, excessive salivation, and aversion to water. In some cases, cats may display abnormal behavior like biting at imaginary objects or attempting to bite their own tails. The paralytic stage is characterized by progressive muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, and eventual paralysis, leading to death.
Diagnosing feline rabies can be challenging due to the nonspecific nature of early symptoms and the lack of reliable diagnostic tests that can be performed on live animals. Post-mortem examination using fluorescent antibody testing (FAT) or direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) is often necessary to confirm the presence of the virus in brain tissue. However, these tests are only available in specialized laboratories and may not be feasible in all circumstances.
Prevention of feline rabies primarily involves vaccination. Vaccines for cats are typically administered annually or every three years, depending on the vaccine type and local regulations. It is essential to consult with a veterinarian to determine the appropriate vaccination schedule for individual cats based on their risk factors and overall health status. In addition to vaccination, reducing potential exposure to rabid animals by keeping cats indoors and avoiding contact with wildlife can help minimize the risk of infection.
If a cat is suspected or confirmed to have been exposed to rabies, immediate veterinary attention is crucial. Unvaccinated cats are usually euthanized due to the high risk of developing clinical signs and the potential danger they pose to humans and other animals. Vaccinated cats may be placed under strict quarantine for a specified period, typically 45 days, to monitor for any signs of the disease. During this time, it is essential to follow veterinary advice regarding isolation and observation procedures to prevent further spread of the virus.
In conclusion, feline rabies is a serious and often fatal viral infection that requires prompt medical attention and preventive measures. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for protecting cats from this disease, while reducing exposure to potentially infected animals can further minimize the risk. Owners should be vigilant about monitoring their cat's health and seeking veterinary care if any concerning symptoms arise.