What is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)? - briefly
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal viral disease in cats caused by a coronavirus that mutates into a more aggressive form. It primarily affects younger cats and those with weakened immune systems, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, fever, and abdominal swelling.
What is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)? - in detail
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a severe and often fatal disease that affects cats, particularly young kittens and those living in multi-cat households. Caused by a coronavirus, specifically a mutated form of the feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), FIP is characterized by its ability to evade the immune system, leading to persistent infection and inflammation.
The disease manifests in two primary forms: wet or effusive FIP and dry or non-effusive FIP. Wet FIP is distinguished by the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or chest cavity, causing visible swelling and difficulty breathing. In contrast, dry FIP presents with more subtle symptoms, such as weight loss, lethargy, and anorexia, often progressing to organ failure and neurological issues.
The coronavirus responsible for FIP typically enters the cat's body through the gastrointestinal tract, where it initially causes a mild infection. In some cases, the virus mutates into a more virulent form, which can then spread systemically via white blood cells, evading immune detection and leading to persistent inflammation in various organs.
Diagnosing FIP can be challenging due to its variable presentation and the lack of specific diagnostic tests. Veterinarians often rely on a combination of clinical signs, history, and laboratory findings to make a presumptive diagnosis. Commonly used tests include complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry profile, and imaging techniques such as ultrasound or radiography to detect fluid accumulation. More recently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for the mutated coronavirus has become available, offering a more definitive diagnostic tool.
Treatment options for FIP have historically been limited and largely palliative, focusing on alleviating symptoms rather than curing the disease. However, recent advancements in antiviral therapy have shown promise in managing FIP. One such drug, GS-441524, has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating cats with FIP, offering hope for improved outcomes and potentially even cures in some cases.
Preventing the spread of FIP involves maintaining good hygiene and minimizing stress among cats. Regular veterinary check-ups, prompt treatment of underlying conditions, and reducing exposure to infected cats are essential measures to mitigate the risk of infection. While there is no vaccine currently available for FIP, ongoing research aims to develop effective preventive strategies against this devastating feline disease.