What is feline immunodeficiency? - briefly
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that affects felines, similar to HIV in humans. It targets and weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to infections and diseases.
What is feline immunodeficiency? - in detail
Feline Immunodeficiency (FIV) is a viral infection that affects cats worldwide, similar to HIV in humans. It is caused by the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, which belongs to the family of Retroviridae and is categorized as a lentivirus. The virus primarily targets the cat's immune system, leading to a progressive weakening of its defenses against other diseases.
The transmission of FIV typically occurs through deep bite wounds from infected cats during aggressive interactions or fights. It can also be transmitted vertically from an infected mother to her kittens, although this is less common. The virus does not survive well outside the cat's body, so casual contact, such as sharing food bowls or litter boxes, poses a minimal risk of transmission.
Once a cat becomes infected with FIV, the virus integrates into its genetic material and begins to replicate within white blood cells called T-lymphocytes. These are crucial for the immune system's ability to fight off infections effectively. Over time, FIV causes a decline in the number of these T-cells, leading to immunodeficiency. This means that an infected cat becomes more susceptible to various secondary infections and diseases, which can be life-threatening.
The progression of FIV infection is divided into several stages: acute, subclinical, and clinical. During the acute stage, which lasts for a few weeks after initial infection, some cats may exhibit symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and general malaise. However, many infected cats do not show any signs during this period. The subclinical stage can persist for several years, during which the cat appears healthy but is carrying the virus. Eventually, the clinical stage develops, characterized by recurrent infections, weight loss, and other symptoms of immune system dysfunction.
Diagnosis of FIV involves blood testing, typically using an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test to detect antibodies against the virus. A positive result indicates exposure to FIV, but it is essential to confirm the diagnosis with a follow-up test, such as a Western blot or PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) assay.
There is currently no cure for FIV, and treatment focuses on managing secondary infections and supporting the cat's immune system. Antiviral medications used to treat HIV in humans are not effective against FIV. However, proper nutrition, regular veterinary care, and a stress-free environment can help infected cats maintain their quality of life for many years.
It is crucial for cat owners to be aware of the signs and risks associated with FIV. While there is no vaccine available in all regions, practicing responsible pet ownership by keeping cats indoors and minimizing aggressive interactions can help prevent the spread of this infection. Regular veterinary check-ups and prompt attention to any health issues can also contribute to early detection and better management of the disease.