How does cat allergy work? - briefly
Cat allergies are triggered by proteins found in cat saliva, urine, and dander (dead skin cells) that are spread through the air when cats groom themselves or shed their fur. When these proteins come into contact with a person's eyes, nose, or lungs, the immune system responds by producing histamine, leading to symptoms such as itchy eyes, sneezing, and wheezing.
How does cat allergy work? - in detail
Cat allergy, also known as allergic rhinitis or hay fever when caused by cats, is a common condition affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs due to an overreaction of the immune system to proteins found in cat saliva, urine, and dander (dead skin cells). Here's a detailed look at how this allergy works:
When a person with a cat allergy comes into contact with a cat, their immune system identifies certain proteins in the cat's saliva, urine, or dander as foreign invaders. These proteins are typically harmless to non-allergic individuals but can trigger an immune response in those who are allergic. The most common of these proteins is Fel d 1, a small protein found in cat saliva and sebum (an oily secretion from the skin).
The immune system produces antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE) to combat these perceived threats. IgE antibodies attach themselves to mast cells, which are specialized cells located throughout the body, particularly in the nose, throat, lungs, and on the surface of the skin.
Upon subsequent exposure to cat allergens, the IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells recognize and bind to the allergens. This triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals from the mast cells. Histamine is a potent substance that causes blood vessels to dilate (widen), increasing blood flow to the affected area. It also increases the permeability of the blood vessels, allowing fluids and proteins to leak into the surrounding tissues.
The release of histamine leads to the characteristic symptoms of cat allergy, including:
- Runny nose and sneezing
- Itchy, watery eyes
- Nasal congestion
- Itching in the nose, roof of the mouth, or throat
- Hives or rash on the skin
- Swelling (especially in the face, around the eyes, and in the throat)
In severe cases, cat allergy can also trigger asthma symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. This is because the same allergens that cause nasal symptoms can also affect the airways in the lungs, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the bronchioles.
The severity of cat allergy symptoms depends on various factors, including the amount of exposure to cat allergens, individual sensitivity, and overall health. Some people may experience mild symptoms that are easily managed with over-the-counter medications, while others may require prescription treatments or even avoidance of cats altogether.
In summary, cat allergy is a complex immune response triggered by proteins in cat saliva, urine, and dander. The release of histamine and other chemicals from mast cells leads to the characteristic symptoms of this common allergic condition. Understanding how cat allergy works can help individuals take appropriate steps to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.