How are cat claws made? - briefly
Cat claws are composed of keratin, the same protein found in human nails, and grow from specialized cells in the nail bed, continuously forming layers that harden over time.
How are cat claws made? - in detail
Cat claws are intricate structures composed of keratin, the same protein found in human nails and hair. They are formed within the claw sheath, a protective covering that surrounds the claw. The process begins in the germinal matrix, a specialized tissue located at the base of the claw. This matrix contains rapidly dividing cells that produce keratin, which hardens as it moves outward, forming the claw. The growth of the claw is continuous, similar to the way human nails grow, but cats have evolved mechanisms to keep their claws sharp and functional. The outer layer of the claw, known as the stratum corneum, is harder and more durable, while the inner layers remain softer and more flexible. Cats naturally sharpen their claws by scratching on surfaces, which removes the outer worn layers and exposes the sharper, newer growth underneath. This behavior also helps maintain the claw's structure and prevents overgrowth. The claw is retractable in most cat species, allowing them to extend it when needed for climbing, hunting, or self-defense. The retraction mechanism is controlled by specialized tendons and ligaments connected to the claw bed. This design ensures the claws remain protected and sharp when not in use. The shape and curvature of the claw are optimized for gripping and tearing, reflecting the predatory nature of cats. The entire process of claw formation and maintenance is biologically efficient, ensuring that cats are always equipped with functional tools for their survival and daily activities.