Instruction: what to do if a cat has started giving birth.

1. Recognizing the Signs of Labor

1.1 Pre-Labor Indicators

When a queen approaches parturition, early signs appear hours to a day before active labor. Recognizing these cues enables timely preparation and reduces stress for both animal and caregiver.

Restlessness: frequent pacing, vocalization, and attempts to escape the usual resting area.
Nesting behavior: scratching surfaces, gathering towels, blankets, or other soft materials to create a secluded spot.
Temperature drop: rectal temperature falls from the normal 101-102 °F (38.3-38.9 °C) to approximately 99 °F (37.2 °C) within 12-24 hours before delivery.
Decreased appetite: reduced food intake while water consumption often remains steady.
Increased grooming: excessive licking of the abdomen and perineal region.
Hormonal changes: palpable swelling of the mammary glands and slight milky discharge may begin, indicating preparation for milk production.

Monitoring these parameters allows the owner to relocate the cat to a quiet, safe environment, gather necessary supplies (clean towels, heating pad set to low, a container for waste), and contact a veterinarian if any sign deviates from the expected pattern, such as prolonged inactivity or severe distress. Prompt identification of pre‑labor indicators is essential for a smooth birthing experience and the health of the kittens.

1.2 Active Labor Signs

As a veterinary professional, I observe that active labor in a queen is marked by distinct, measurable behaviors. Recognizing these signs enables timely assistance and reduces the risk of complications for both the mother and her kittens.

Key indicators of active labor include:

Intense, rhythmic abdominal contractions occurring at intervals of 30-60 seconds.
Progressive dilation of the vulva accompanied by a noticeable swelling of the perineal area.
Expulsion of fluids, such as clear mucus or blood‑tinged discharge, that intensify as each kitten approaches delivery.
Audible or visible effort as the cat adopts a low, crouched posture and repeatedly strains.
Rapid, shallow breathing and a rise in heart rate, often exceeding 150 beats per minute.

When these symptoms appear, the caretaker should provide a quiet, warm environment, limit disturbances, and monitor the interval between each kitten’s birth. If more than two hours pass without a kitten after strong contractions, or if the queen shows signs of distress, immediate veterinary intervention is warranted.

2. Preparing for the Birth

2.1 Setting Up a Whelping Box

When a queen begins labor, the first priority is a secure, comfortable environment that mimics a natural nesting site. The whelping box should be positioned in a quiet, low‑traffic area of the home, away from drafts and direct sunlight. A solid, stable surface-such as a sturdy plastic or wooden crate-prevents wobbling and reduces stress for the mother.

The interior dimensions must accommodate the cat’s size while allowing space for multiple kittens. A minimum interior height of 18 inches and a length of at least 30 inches provide sufficient clearance. The floor should be lined with absorbent, low‑dust material; shredded paper towels, clean towels, or a disposable puppy pad work well. Replace bedding frequently to maintain hygiene and prevent overheating.

Temperature regulation is critical. A low‑wattage heating pad set to the lowest safe setting, covered with a blanket, can keep the nest warm without risking burns. Monitor ambient temperature; 78-82 °F (25-28 °C) is optimal during the first 24 hours, then gradually reduce as the litter matures.

Safety measures include sealing any gaps larger than 2 inches to prevent kittens from escaping, and removing cords or objects that could be chewed. Ensure the box has an easily accessible entry point for the owner to intervene if complications arise, but keep the opening small enough to discourage unnecessary disturbance.

Key supplies to have on hand:

Clean towels or blankets for each kitten
Scissors and sterilized tweezers for umbilical cord care
Antiseptic solution (e.g., chlorhexidine) for cleaning
Disposable gloves for handling newborns
Thermometer to check nest temperature
Emergency contact information for a veterinarian

Before labor begins, assemble the box, test the heating element, and place all supplies within arm’s reach. This preparation minimizes interruptions, supports the queen’s instinctive behavior, and creates a safe foundation for a successful delivery.

2.2 Gathering Supplies

When a queen enters labor, the first priority is to have all required materials within reach. This eliminates unnecessary movement and reduces stress for both cat and caretaker.

Clean towels or disposable pads (several, to replace as they become soiled)
Large, shallow tray or box lined with newspaper or a disposable sheet, providing a stable surface for the birth
Heating pad set on low, covered with a towel, to maintain a gentle warmth if the environment is cool
Sterile scissors or nail clippers for cutting umbilical cords only if natural detachment does not occur
Antiseptic solution (e.g., diluted chlorhexidine) and sterile gauze for cleaning any bleeding sites
Disposable gloves to maintain hygiene while handling kittens or the mother’s genital area
A digital thermometer to monitor the mother’s temperature before, during, and after delivery, noting any abnormal spikes or drops
A notebook or digital device for recording the time of each kitten’s birth, weight, and any observed complications

Additional items improve preparedness without cluttering the space: a small flashlight with extra batteries, a bowl of fresh water, and a high‑calorie kitten formula for emergencies. All supplies should be arranged in a clean, quiet area where the cat feels secure, and they must be inspected for expiration dates or damage before the onset of labor.

2.3 Creating a Calm Environment

When a cat initiates labor, a tranquil setting directly influences the success of the delivery and the well‑being of both mother and kittens. The following measures establish the optimal environment.

Temperature control: Keep the room between 70 °F and 78 °F (21 °C‑26 °C). Use a space heater or heating pad set on low, covered with a towel, to prevent drafts while avoiding overheating.
Lighting: Dim the lights to a soft glow. Bright illumination can startle the cat and interrupt contractions.
Noise reduction: Shut windows, turn off televisions, and limit foot traffic. Soft, consistent background sounds, such as a low‑volume white‑noise machine, can mask sudden noises.
Secure, private space: Provide a secluded box or crate lined with clean, low‑pile towels or a blanket. Ensure the enclosure is large enough for the cat to move but small enough to feel enclosed.
Scent management: Eliminate strong odors, including cleaning agents, perfumes, and food aromas. A neutral, unscented environment minimizes stress.
Human interaction: Limit handling to essential checks. Observe from a distance, intervening only if the cat shows signs of distress or prolonged inactivity.
Hydration and nutrition: Place fresh water and a small amount of food nearby, but keep them out of immediate reach to avoid spills that could create messes or odors.

Implementing these steps creates a stable, low‑stress atmosphere, allowing the cat to focus on the birthing process without external disruptions.

3. During the Birth Process

3.1 First Stage of Labor

When a queen enters the first stage of labor, the body prepares for delivery through observable physiological changes. Contractions begin, lasting from a few minutes up to an hour, and the abdomen may appear tense. The cat may exhibit restlessness, vocalize intermittently, and seek a secluded, warm spot. Temperature drops slightly, often reaching 99‑100 °F (37.2‑37.8 °C) just before active labor.

During this period, the caretaker should:

Provide a clean, quiet birthing box lined with soft, absorbent material; avoid harsh lighting and loud noises.
Keep the environment at a stable temperature of 75‑80 °F (24‑27 °C) to prevent hypothermia.
Observe the queen without disturbing her; note the frequency and intensity of contractions, which typically become more regular every 5‑10 minutes.
Ensure access to fresh water; do not offer food until the second stage begins, as the stomach may be empty.
Record the start time of labor; if active contractions do not commence within two hours of restlessness, contact a veterinarian.

Signs that the first stage is progressing normally include rhythmic abdominal tightening, occasional licking of the genital area, and a calm but focused demeanor. Absence of these indicators, prolonged inactivity, or signs of distress such as excessive panting, bleeding, or a foul odor require immediate professional assessment. The caretaker’s role is to maintain a safe, stress‑free setting and to monitor the queen’s physiological cues until the delivery phase begins.

3.2 Second Stage of Labor (Delivery of Kittens)

The second stage of feline labor begins when the queen’s abdominal muscles contract strongly enough to expel each kitten. Contractions appear as rhythmic, painful pushes lasting 30-60 seconds, followed by brief rests. The queen may vocalize, pace, or assume a kneeling position. Visible signs include the appearance of a teardrop‑shaped amniotic sac or a fully formed kitten emerging from the birth canal.

During delivery, follow these steps:

Observe the birth of each kitten. Do not intervene unless the queen shows distress, the kitten remains stuck for more than five minutes, or the sac is not ruptured within a minute of emergence.
Allow the queen to break the amniotic sac. If she does not, gently tear the membrane with clean fingertips, taking care not to damage the kitten’s skin.
Clear the airway. Use a soft, damp cloth to wipe fluid from the kitten’s nose and mouth. The kitten should begin breathing spontaneously within seconds.
Check for the placenta. The mother normally ingests each placenta immediately after birth. Verify that a placenta is present for every kitten; missing placentas may indicate retained tissue, which requires veterinary attention.
Provide warmth. If the queen does not cover the kitten promptly, place the newborn on a pre‑warmed blanket (approximately 95°F/35°C) for a few minutes until the mother resumes care.
Monitor intervals. Expect a kitten every 5-30 minutes. Longer gaps may signal complications such as uterine inertia or blockage.

After the final kitten is delivered, the queen will continue to expel a small number of placentas. Count them to ensure none are retained. Observe the queen for signs of exhaustion, excessive bleeding, or refusal to nurse. If any abnormality appears, contact a veterinarian immediately. Proper monitoring during this stage reduces the risk of neonatal mortality and promotes a successful postpartum recovery for both queen and kittens.

3.2.1 What to Expect During Delivery

During feline parturition, three distinct phases unfold.

First stage (pre‑labor): The queen exhibits restlessness, frequent vocalizations, and may pace or seek secluded spots. Abdomen swells as uterine contractions begin, but no visible discharge appears. This interval typically lasts 12-24 hours, sometimes longer in first‑time mothers.
Second stage (active delivery): Strong, rhythmic contractions expel each kitten. The queen assumes a squatting posture; the vulva swells and a clear or slightly pink fluid may leak. Birth of each kitten, accompanied by a placenta, occurs at 15‑60 minute intervals. The final kitten may emerge after a prolonged pause of up to two hours; any longer delay warrants veterinary assessment.
Third stage (afterbirth): The uterus continues contracting to expel remaining placentas. The queen will often lick each newborn, stimulating respiration and clearing membranes. Normal afterbirth lasts 30‑90 minutes. Failure to pass all placentas or persistent bleeding indicates possible complications.

Typical signs of a normal delivery include steady breathing, regular contractions, and a clean, odorless discharge. Abnormalities-such as excessive bleeding, prolonged inactivity, or a kitten stuck in the birth canal-require immediate professional intervention. Monitoring the timing of each phase and the condition of both queen and kittens provides the most reliable assessment of a successful birth.

3.2.2 When to Intervene (and When Not To)

When a queen begins labor, the first instinct is to monitor rather than to act. Intervening too early can disrupt the natural progression, while delayed action may jeopardize the kittens or the mother.

Normal progression: A healthy cat delivers a kitten roughly every 15-30 minutes after the first strong contractions. The entire process usually lasts under two hours. If intervals exceed 45 minutes without a kitten, contact a veterinarian.
Visible distress: Rapid, shallow breathing, collapse, or uncontrolled bleeding require immediate assistance. Apply gentle pressure to stop bleeding, keep the queen warm, and seek professional help within minutes.
Stalled delivery: If a kitten remains in the birth canal for more than 30 minutes after strong contractions have ceased, gentle assistance may be necessary. Lubricate a gloved finger with veterinary‑grade lubricant, locate the kitten’s head, and carefully pull it forward. Do not attempt to extract the placenta or force a kitten out without proper training.
Incomplete placental expulsion: The mother typically consumes the placenta shortly after each birth. If she rejects it or it remains attached for more than 10 minutes, remove it with clean tweezers to prevent infection.
Maternal aggression or abandonment: Should the queen show aggression toward her newborns or fail to nurse, separate the kittens in a warm, quiet area and provide supplemental feeding with a kitten formula. Re‑introduce the mother only after veterinary consultation.
Temperature regulation: Normal body temperature for a queen in labor is 38.5-39.2 °C (101.3-102.5 °F). A drop below 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) indicates hypothermia; provide a heating pad set to low, covered with a towel, and monitor closely.
Environmental factors: Keep the birthing area quiet, dimly lit, and free of drafts. Excessive noise or movement can trigger stress, prompting premature intervention.

In summary, intervene only when the queen exhibits clear signs of danger-prolonged intervals, severe distress, or failure to expel kittens or placentas. Otherwise, allow the natural sequence to continue, providing a calm, safe environment and ready access to veterinary support.

3.3 Third Stage of Labor (Delivery of Placentas)

When the kittens emerge, the next critical interval is the delivery of the placentas. Each kitten is normally accompanied by its own membrane; failure to expel a placenta can lead to infection, hemorrhage, or delayed recovery.

Observe the mother closely for the following signs that each placenta has been expelled: a distinct, fleshy sac appearing in the litter box, a sudden decrease in uterine tone, and a brief pause in the mother’s activity. The interval between the birth of a kitten and the passage of its placenta typically lasts one to three minutes. If a placenta is not observed within five minutes, intervene promptly.

Steps to manage the third stage safely:

Count placentas - match each membrane to the corresponding kitten. A mismatch indicates a retained placenta.
Assist gently - if a placenta has not passed, massage the abdomen lightly in a circular motion to stimulate uterine contraction.
Provide a clean environment - remove the expelled placenta with gloved hands and place it in a disposable container for proper disposal.
Monitor for complications - watch for excessive bleeding, foul odor, or the mother’s reluctance to nurse. Any of these symptoms require immediate veterinary attention.
Support hydration - offer fresh water after the mother has finished nursing; avoid forcing food until she has settled.

If a retained placenta is suspected, do not attempt to pull it out manually. Apply gentle abdominal pressure and call a veterinarian; they may administer oxytocin to promote uterine contraction and facilitate expulsion under sterile conditions.

After all placentas have been accounted for, allow the mother to rest undisturbed. Keep the litter area warm and dry, and limit handling to essential care. Prompt, systematic observation during this stage reduces the risk of postpartum complications and promotes a swift return to normal maternal behavior.

4. Post-Birth Care for the Mother Cat

4.1 Monitoring Her Health

During feline parturition, continuous observation of the mother’s condition is vital for a successful outcome. Keep the cat in a quiet, temperature‑controlled area where she can move freely but remains safe from disturbances. Record the time each contraction begins and note any intervals longer than twenty minutes, as prolonged gaps may indicate a stalled labor.

Body temperature: check rectally every two hours; a drop below 99 °F (37.2 °C) often precedes delivery, while a rise above 102 °F (38.9 °C) may signal infection.
Heart rate: a normal resting rate is 140-200 beats per minute; rapid acceleration or sustained tachycardia warrants veterinary attention.
Respiratory pattern: observe for labored breathing or excessive panting, which can reflect pain or distress.
Vaginal discharge: monitor color and consistency; clear to pink mucus is expected, while foul‑smelling or greenish fluid suggests bacterial complications.
Appetite and hydration: note any refusal to eat or drink; dehydration can develop quickly and impair uterine contractions.

If the cat exhibits fever, hemorrhage, excessive bleeding, or appears lethargic, contact a veterinarian immediately. Even in the absence of overt signs, schedule a post‑birth health check within 24 hours to confirm recovery and address any hidden issues.

4.2 Ensuring Proper Nutrition

When a queen enters labor, her nutritional needs shift dramatically. Adequate intake supports uterine contractions, milk production, and the rapid growth of newborn kittens. The following guidelines provide a clear framework for managing her diet before, during, and after delivery.

Pre‑labor preparation
• Offer a high‑calorie, wet kitten formula or a senior‑cat diet enriched with protein and fat.
• Ensure the food contains at least 30 % protein and 15 % fat to build energy reserves.
• Provide fresh water at all times; dehydration impairs milk synthesis.
During active labor
• Keep a shallow bowl of water within easy reach; the queen may drink intermittently.
• Place a small amount of the high‑calorie wet food nearby, but avoid forcing intake; stress can reduce appetite.
• Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (weakness, tremors) and be ready to administer a glucose solution if needed.
Post‑partum feeding
• Switch immediately to a lactation‑specific formula designed for nursing cats; these products deliver up to 50 % more calories than standard adult food.
• Feed small, frequent meals (every 2-3 hours) to sustain milk output.
• Supplement with a balanced kitten milk replacer if the queen’s intake appears insufficient; track kitten weight gain to gauge effectiveness.
Supplementary nutrients
• Add a veterinary‑approved multivitamin containing calcium, phosphorus, and B‑complex vitamins to prevent metabolic bone disease.
• Include omega‑3 fatty acids (e.g., fish oil) to enhance milk quality and reduce inflammation.
• Avoid raw egg whites, which contain avidin that interferes with biotin absorption.
Monitoring and adjustments
• Weigh the queen daily; a loss exceeding 5 % of her pre‑labor weight signals inadequate nutrition.
• Observe kitten growth; a gain of 10-15 g per day per kitten indicates sufficient milk supply.
• Consult a veterinarian promptly if the queen shows signs of constipation, vomiting, or lethargy, as these may reflect dietary imbalances.

Implementing these nutrition protocols ensures the queen maintains the energy required for a smooth delivery and sustains optimal milk production, promoting the health and vitality of both mother and litter.

4.3 Keeping Her Comfortable

During feline labor, a calm environment is essential. Provide a secluded, warm space away from household traffic. The area should be lined with soft, washable blankets that retain heat but allow airflow. Replace damp or soiled bedding promptly to prevent chilling.

Maintain a stable temperature of 75‑80 °F (24‑27 °C). If the room cools, use a low‑wattage heat lamp positioned at a safe distance, or a heating pad set on low with a towel barrier to avoid direct contact. Monitor the cat’s skin; a warm, pink abdomen indicates adequate circulation.

Offer fresh water in a shallow dish within reach, but do not force drinking. Some queens prefer to drink only after delivering kittens. Keep a bowl of dry, high‑quality kibble nearby for occasional nibbling, recognizing that appetite may be reduced during contractions.

Limit handling to essential assistance. Gently stroke the back or ears if the cat seeks reassurance, but refrain from excessive touching of the abdomen, which can cause stress. Observe her posture: a curled, relaxed stance signals comfort; a tense, stretched position may require a quieter setting.

Provide easy access to a litter box with low sides and clean litter. Ensure the box is placed within the birthing area to avoid unnecessary movement. After each kitten is born, gently clear the mother’s fur of any membranes and assist in stimulating breathing only if the kitten does not begin on its own.

Finally, keep a phone number for an emergency veterinarian readily available. Immediate professional help is required if the queen shows signs of distress, prolonged labor exceeding two hours per stage, or if a kitten fails to breathe despite stimulation.

5. Post-Birth Care for the Kittens

5.1 Checking for Vitality

When a queen begins labor, confirming that each kitten is alive is the first critical task. Immediate assessment prevents complications such as stillbirth or delayed intervention.

Observe the birth site as soon as a kitten emerges. Look for rhythmic thoracic movements; a steady rise and fall indicates respiration. If the chest does not move, gently stimulate the kitten by stroking its back or rubbing the snout with a damp cloth. This usually triggers a first breath.

Check coloration. A healthy newborn displays a pinkish hue on the gums and ears. Pale, bluish, or gray tissue suggests hypoxia and requires urgent assistance. Feel the body temperature; a kitten should be warm to the touch, reflecting adequate blood flow.

Assess reflexes. A quick response to a mild tactile stimulus-such as a light pinch on the paw-demonstrates neural activity. Absence of reaction may signal distress.

If any of these signs are missing, take the following steps:

Clear the airway: use a small, sterile gauze to gently remove mucus or amniotic fluid.
Provide warmth: place the kitten on a pre‑warmed heating pad set to low, covered with a soft towel.
Initiate artificial respiration: if the chest does not expand, give gentle breaths using a pediatric mask or a small syringe without a needle, delivering 1 ml of room‑air per breath every few seconds.
Contact a veterinarian immediately for further evaluation and possible resuscitation.

Perform these checks for each kitten within minutes of delivery. Prompt identification of vitality issues improves survival rates and supports the queen’s ability to continue nursing.

5.2 Ensuring Nursing

When a queen begins labor, the first priority after delivery is guaranteeing that each kitten receives adequate colostrum. The mother typically initiates nursing within minutes; observe her behavior to confirm that all kittens are attached and suckling. If a kitten appears limp, pale, or fails to latch, intervene promptly by gently stimulating the mouth with a warm, damp cloth and guiding the nipple into the kitten’s mouth.

Maintain a stable, warm environment. Ambient temperature should stay between 85 °F (29 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C) for the first two weeks. Use a heating pad set on low, covered with a towel, to prevent burns while providing consistent warmth. Monitor the nest for drafts and relocate the queen if she shows signs of discomfort.

Ensure the mother’s hydration and nutrition. Offer fresh water and high‑quality, protein‑rich food at regular intervals. Adequate caloric intake directly influences milk production; a lack of nutrition can lead to insufficient nursing.

Track the kittens’ weight daily. Weigh each kitten before the first feeding and then every 12 hours. A gain of at least 10 g per day indicates successful nursing. Record the data to detect early signs of failure to thrive.

If the queen rejects a kitten or milk supply is inadequate, supplement with a commercial kitten replacer using a syringe or kitten bottle. Warm the formula to body temperature (≈100 °F/38 °C) and feed in small, frequent amounts-approximately 5 ml per feeding for newborns, adjusting as they grow.

Observe for signs of mastitis: swelling, redness, or a foul odor from the mammary glands. At the first indication, consult a veterinarian and begin appropriate antibiotic therapy. Prompt treatment prevents systemic infection and preserves the queen’s ability to nurse.

Document all observations, interventions, and outcomes. A concise log facilitates communication with veterinary professionals and supports optimal care throughout the neonatal period.

5.3 Keeping Them Warm and Safe

As a veterinary professional, I advise that maintaining optimal temperature and security for newborn kittens is critical during a feline delivery. Kittens cannot regulate body heat until several weeks of age; exposure to cold can lead to hypothermia, while drafts increase infection risk.

Prepare a heat source: use a low‑wattage heating pad set on “low” or a warm water bottle wrapped in a towel. Place the device beneath, not directly under, the nest to create a gentle, consistent warmth of 95-100 °F (35-38 °C).
Monitor temperature: check the nest with a digital thermometer every hour. Adjust the heat source if the reading deviates more than 2 °F (1 °C).
Provide insulation: line the bedding with clean, dry towels or fleece blankets. Replace damp material immediately to prevent chilling.
Limit access: restrict human traffic and other pets to reduce stress and accidental disturbance.
Ensure ventilation without drafts: keep the area well‑ventilated, but avoid direct airflow from windows, fans, or HVAC vents.

The mother cat typically seeks a secluded, warm spot. If she rejects the prepared nest, relocate the setup to a quiet room where she feels safe, and observe her behavior. Should the mother appear unable to keep the litter warm-evidenced by kittens huddling tightly, shivering, or exhibiting lethargy-supplement with the external heat source until the mother resumes adequate care.

Regularly inspect the litter for signs of distress: cold paws, pale gums, or excessive vocalization. Promptly intervene with supplemental warmth and, if necessary, consult a veterinarian to rule out underlying health issues. Maintaining a stable, draft‑free environment safeguards the fragile newborns until they develop sufficient thermoregulation.

6. When to Seek Veterinary Assistance

6.1 Signs of Dystocia (Difficult Birth)

When a queen begins labor, timely recognition of dystocia can prevent severe complications. Dystocia-difficulty delivering kittens-often presents subtly at first, then escalates. Observe the following indicators:

Prolonged interval between contractions: normal contractions occur every 5‑10 minutes; gaps exceeding 20 minutes suggest a problem.
Incomplete dilation: the vulva remains partially closed after several hours of active labor.
Absence of visible kitten: no kitten emerges after three to four strong contractions, indicating possible obstruction.
Distended abdomen with little or no abdominal movement: the belly remains swollen while the cat shows little effort.
Excessive straining without progress: the queen arches her back, vocalizes, and appears fatigued, yet no kitten is delivered.
Discolored or foul-smelling discharge: blood that turns dark brown or a pus-like odor signals tissue damage or infection.

If any of these signs appear, intervene immediately. Contact a veterinarian without delay; prepare for potential emergency cesarean section. Early detection and swift action are critical to preserving the health of both mother and kittens.

6.2 Post-Delivery Complications for the Mother

When a queen finishes delivering kittens, several health issues may arise that require immediate attention. Recognizing the signs and responding promptly can prevent serious outcomes for the mother.

Common post‑delivery problems include:

Uterine infection (metritis): fever, foul‑smelling vaginal discharge, lethargy. Administer a veterinarian‑prescribed antibiotic and monitor temperature twice daily.
Retained placenta: failure to pass all placental tissue within 12 hours. Observe for foul discharge and abdominal pain; veterinary removal is essential to avoid septic complications.
Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage): bright red flow lasting more than a few minutes, pale gums, rapid heart rate. Apply gentle pressure to the vulva, keep the cat warm, and seek emergency veterinary care.
Mastitis: swollen, warm mammary glands, reduced nursing activity, pus‑like milk. Clean affected teats, provide warm compresses, and start appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Hypocalcemia (milk fever): tremors, weakness, seizures. Offer calcium supplements under veterinary supervision and ensure the queen has constant access to fresh water.

After the birth, maintain a clean, low‑stress environment. Change bedding daily, keep the nest dry, and limit handling to essential care. Provide a high‑quality, nutrient‑dense diet formulated for lactating cats; supplement with extra water to support milk production and kidney function. Observe the mother for at least 24 hours, recording temperature, appetite, and behavior. Any deviation from normal recovery warrants a veterinary examination without delay.

6.3 Issues with Newborn Kittens

Veterinary specialists advise that newborn kittens present several critical health concerns that require immediate attention.

First, hypothermia develops within minutes if the litter lacks adequate warmth. Measure the body temperature with a digital rectal thermometer; values below 35 °C (95 °F) indicate the need for supplemental heat. Place a heating pad set to low under a towel, ensuring the kittens can move away if they become too warm.

Second, inadequate nursing leads to dehydration and low blood glucose. Observe each kitten for active suckling; absence of milk intake after the first two hours signals a problem. Gently stimulate the mouth with a warm, moist cotton swab to encourage latch, then provide kitten formula using a syringe or specialized nursing bottle.

Third, respiratory distress may appear as rapid, shallow breathing or audible wheezing. Clear any nasal or oral secretions with a soft gauze and keep the environment free of drafts. Persistent abnormal breathing warrants immediate veterinary examination.

Fourth, congenital anomalies such as cleft palates, limb deformities, or heart murmurs can compromise survival. Conduct a brief visual inspection; any abnormality should be documented and reported to a veterinarian for diagnostic imaging and potential surgical intervention.

Fifth, maternal rejection occurs when the queen isolates or harms a kitten. Intervene by gently repositioning the rejected kitten with the mother, offering warmth and feeding support. If the queen continues to reject, consider hand‑rearing the kitten in a controlled environment.

Finally, monitor weight daily. Use a digital scale to record each kitten’s mass; a loss of more than 5 % of birth weight within 24 hours indicates severe health issues and requires professional care.

By systematically addressing these six primary problems-temperature regulation, nutrition, respiration, congenital defects, maternal behavior, and weight tracking-caretakers can significantly improve survival rates for newborn kittens.

7. Essential Supplies Checklist

When a queen enters labor, having the right tools within arm’s reach can prevent complications and support a smooth delivery. Below is a concise checklist of items every caretaker should prepare before the first contraction appears.

Clean towels or disposable gauze pads - for wiping the mother and newborns, and for absorbing any excess fluid.
Warm blanket or heating pad set to low - to maintain kitten body temperature after birth.
Sterile scissors or veterinary‑grade blade - for cutting the umbilical cord if it does not detach naturally.
Antiseptic solution (chlorhexidine or povidone‑iodine) - to disinfect the cord stump and any minor lacerations.
Disposable gloves - to keep the environment hygienic while handling the queen and kittens.
Scale capable of measuring 20‑200 g - to record the weight of each kitten immediately after birth.
Emergency contact information for a veterinarian - in case of dystocia, prolonged labor, or any signs of distress.

Place all items on a stable surface close to the birthing area, ensuring they are easily reachable without disturbing the queen. Regularly check that supplies remain clean, functional, and within their expiration dates. This preparation allows the caretaker to respond promptly and maintain a safe environment throughout the entire whelping process.